Metajournalism.com

According to statistics, almost 99 percent of people around the world will love to have a great vacation and the one percent goes to people who are really workaholic and do not want to leave their job just to have a pleasurable time. If you are one of those 99 percent people that really like to have vacation, then you need to look for the best travel deals from a travel guide that can help you a lot with regard to this matter.

Travel deals come from an airplane flight, cruise or train, a discount from a hotel, savings from renting a car, cruise packages. These are among the deals that you can obtain as you travel across another country or another state. There are many travel deals from a travel guide and the most well-known of all are as follow.

The most famous of all is the last minute deals in Labor Day or last minute leave for the holiday weekend savings. These deals can save your money for up to 70 percent. Generally, these kinds of transactions comprise both savings from hotel packages and transportation fees. In most cases, the packages from hotel savings come with flexible dates of your departure from Thursday to Saturday.

]]>

Of course, this offer will also be expired with a period of limited time. On the other hand, if you want to save more money on your transportation, you need to look for on the different fare fees and compare each of them. You can browse the Internet since this is the easiest way to look for fare fees. There are also many websites that provide useful information with regard to this issue.

If you are planning to go to Arizona, New York, Barcelona, Venice, Paris or London, you can have the best deals with Continental Airlines, Westin Kierland Resort and Spa and Norwegian Cruise Line offer hot transactions when it comes to travel packages. They also offer pre-buy, round trip, one-way, travel credits and other incredible travel agreements that you can really enjoy.

Aside from that, San Francisco, Orlando, Miami, Las Vegas, Chicago, Boston and Atlantic City are some of the well-known destinations where you can also find the best deals, while Puerto Vallarta, Paris, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Cabo San Lucas, Bahamas and Aruba are some of the famous international travel destinations for your vacation. All you have to do is to plan everything and be well-prepared before looking for a travel guide.

With the advent of internet, and with the innovation in technology, everything is now available over the internet. People can now plan their vacation over the internet and can learn about cheap flights online. There are a number of different travel websites and airlines website that provide with information about cheap air flights and provides the travellers with the ease to book their cheap flight ticket in no time.

Making your booking for cheap flights online is one of the easiest things. And if you are new to this and do not know how to get information about cheap air flights, then you need not worry. Most of the travel websites provide with step by step guidance so that people can check for available cheap flight ticket and make their booking for cheap flights online.

]]>

For making your booking for cheap flights online, you can consult a reliable travel website that provides with updated information about the cheap air flights. Make sure that the website is reliable and your online payment is secure with them. If you wish to play safe then it is advisable to contact cheap-air-flights.co.in to know about the cheap flight ticket. The travel website is updated regularly and has tie ups with all the airlines and is therefore able to provide you with the best information about cheap air flights.

They can help you know about cheap flight ticket offered by the economical flights and can also help you learn about the discounted fare offered by premium airlines. Thus when you book cheap flights online through this site, you may be able to get cheap air flights ticket for business class travel. To book your cheap flights online or to learn about the available cheap flight ticket, you need to first define your travel sector to the website. This helps the travel website to narrow down the search according to your requirement.

The available cheap air flights are listed out to the travel agents so that they can compare them all together. They can see the ticket prices by themselves and choose the flight that suits their budget and their travel plans. Once they have chosen the cheap flights online, they can make the payment online and can get the confirmed e-tickets instantly.

Golf, invented in Scotland many hundreds of years ago, was started in Edinburgh. The first game of golf ever recorded was in the archives of the self named golfing society which stated the winners and it was popularly believed that the winner would receive an audience with the King of Scotland and play a game of golf with him. The reason golf became so popular is because it eventually spread to England as they started to conquer the world, they brought the sport with them. Golf is a sport in which a player uses many different types of clubs, which range from irons, drivers, putters to pot a golf ball into a hole in the ground in the green of the course.

The numbers of holes are either 9 or 18 holes, and for first timers, they usually do the nine course game. No one truly knows how tiring an 18 hole golf game can really be until they have tried it. Singapore is big on golf, and it has hosted many world acclaimed golf events within their own grounds. This means that if you are a golfer and you want to play golf and you are in Singapore, then you are in luck. There are plenty of executive and public golf courses located all over Singapore for you to choose from. There are also many private golf courses for you to choose from, but most of them require that you sign up or have a membership to these golf clubs and the prices are quite exorbitant.

The charm of public golf courses are that they are there whenever you want to play. Tee of normally starts at 6 am and the last one is around 7pm. Golf courses usually closes around 10 -12 midnight, depending on how long the last game takes. What is best about these public golf courses is the fact that they are extremely cheap to use and this allows for anyone and everyone to start their golf session. Rentals for the more popular golf courses range from 20 – 30 dollars on the weekday and 30 – 40 dollars on the weekend and public holidays.

They range from nine hole courses all the way to 18 holes, which means you can have a serious game of golf if you want to. Trolley rentals, golf club rentals, shoes and a locker add only a minimal fee of 10 -20 sing dollars. So for less than 50 dollars, you are able to play hours of golf with the standard equipment you need. That is quite a deal. To get to these courses you need to identify which ones you like and make a call. Some of these places require that you provide them with certain certificates like handicap and proficiency, but some do not. You can call them or make walk in bookings, it depends on which is comfortable for you. Some examples of these golf courses are the Marina Bay Golf Course, Upper Seletar Golf Course and Royal Tanglin Golf Course.

Rosh Hashanah The Jewish New Year

Main article: Rosh Hashanah

According to the Talmud and oral tradition, Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish new year, day of memorial and the day of judgment, in which God judges each person individually according to their deeds, and makes a decree for the following year. The holiday is characterized by the special mitzvah of blowing the shofar. According to the Torah, however, this is the first day of the seventh month of the calendar year that marks the beginning of a ten day count to Yom Kippur.

For a variable number of days before Rosh Hashanah among Ashkenazim, and the entire month of Elul among Sephardim, special additional morning prayers are added known as Selichot.

Erev Rosh Hashanah (evening of the first day) 29 Elul

Rosh Hashanah ( )2 1 – Tishrei)

Rosh Hashanah is set aside by the Mishna as the new year for calculating calendar years, shmita and jubilee years, vegetable tithes, and tree-planting (determining the age of a tree).

According to an opinion in Jewish oral tradition, the creation of the world was completed on Rosh Hashanah. The recitation of Tashlikh occurs during the afternoon of the first day. Officially North American Reform Judaism celebrates two days of Rosh Hashanah, but a significant number of Reform congregations and members celebrate only one day; the non-Reform branches of Judaism celebrate it as a two-day holiday, both inside and outside the boundaries of Israel. The two days are considered together to be a yoma arichta, a single “long day”.

Aseret Yemei Teshuva Ten Days of Repentance

Main article: Ten Days of Repentance

The first ten days of seventh month of the Jewish year (from the beginning of Rosh Hashana until the end of Yom Kippur) are known as the Aseret Yemei Teshuva. During this time it is “exceedingly appropriate” for Jews to practice “Teshuvah,” which is examining one’s deeds and repenting for sins committed against both God and one’s fellow man in anticipation of Yom Kippur. This repentance can take the form of additional supplications, confessing one’s deeds before God, fasting, and self-reflection. On the third day, the Fast of Gedalia is celebrated.

Yom Kippur Day of Atonement

Main article: Yom Kippur

Erev Yom Kippur 9 Tishrei

Yom Kippur ( ) 10 Tishrei

Yom Kippur is considered by Jews to be the holiest and most solemn day of the year. Its central theme is atonement and reconciliation. Eating, drinking, bathing, anointing with oil, and marital relations are prohibited. Fasting begins at sundown, and ends after nightfall the following day. Yom Kippur services begin with the prayer known as “Kol Nidrei”, which must be recited before sunset. (Kol Nidrei, Aramaic for “all vows,” is a public annulment of religious vows made by Jews during the preceding year. It only concerns unfilled vows made between a person and God, and does not cancel or nullify any vows made between people.)

A Tallit (four-cornered prayer shawl) is donned for evening prayers; the only evening service of the year in which this is done. The Ne’ilah service is a special service held only on the day of Yom Kippur, and deals with the closing of the holiday. Yom Kippur comes to an end with the blowing of the shofar, which marks the conclusion of the fast. It is always observed as a one-day holiday, both inside and outside the boundaries of the land of Israel.

Yom Kippur is considered, along with 15th of Av, as the Happiest days of the year (Talmud Bavli – Tractate Ta’anit).

Sukkot Feast of Booths (or Tabernacles)

Main article: Sukkot

Sukkot ( or sukkt) or Succoth is a 7-day festival, also known as the Feast of Booths, the Feast of Tabernacles, or just Tabernacles. It is one of the three pilgrimage festivals mentioned in the Bible. The word sukkot is the plural of the Hebrew word sukkah, meaning booth. Jews are commanded to “dwell” in booths during the holiday. This generally means taking meals, but some sleep in the sukkah as well. There are specific rules for constructing a sukkah. The seventh day of the holiday is called Hoshanah Rabbah.

Erev Sukkot 14 Tishrei

Sukkot ( ) 1521 Tishrei (22 outside Israel)

Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah

Main article: Simchat Torah

Simchat Torah ( ) means “rejoicing with the Torah”. It actually refers to a special ceremony which takes place on the holiday of Shemini Atzeret. This holiday immediately follows the conclusion of the holiday of Sukkot. In Israel, Shemini Atzeret is one day long and includes the celebration of Simchat Torah. Outside Israel, Shemini Atzeret is two days long and Simchat Torah is observed on the second day, which is often referred to by the name of the ceremony.

The last portion of the Torah is read, completing the annual cycle, followed by the first chapter of Genesis. Services are especially joyous, and all attendees, young and old, are involved.

Hanukkah Festival of Lights

Main article: Hanukkah

Erev Hanukkah 24 Kislev

Hanukkah () 25 Kislev 2 or 3 Tevet

The story of Hanukkah is preserved in the books of the First and Second Maccabees. These books are not part of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), they are apocryphal books instead. The miracle of the one-day supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days is first described in the Talmud.

Hanukkah marks the defeat of Seleucid Empire forces that had tried to prevent the people of Israel from practicing Judaism. Judah Maccabee and his brothers destroyed overwhelming forces, and rededicated the Temple in Jerusalem. The eight-day festival is marked by the kindling of lights one on the first night, two on the second, and so on using a special candle holder called a Chanukkiyah, or a Hanukkah menorah.

There is a custom to give children money,also known as “gelt” on Hanukkah to commemorate the learning of Torah in guise of Jews gathering in what was perceived as gambling at that time since Torah was forbidden. Because of this, there is also the custom to play with the dreidel (called a sevivon in Hebrew).

Tenth of Tevet

Main article: Tenth of Tevet

This minor fast day marks the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem as outlined in 2 Kings 25:1

And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came, he and all his army, against Jerusalem, and encamped against it; and they built forts against it round about.

As a minor fast day, fasting from dawn to dusk is required, but other laws of mourning are not observed. A Torah reading and Haftorah reading, and a special prayer in the Amidah, are added at both Shacharit and Mincha services.

Tu Bishvat New Year of the Trees

Main article: Tu Bishvat

Tu Bishvat ( – ” ) 15 Shevat

Tu Bishvat is the new year for trees. According to the Mishnah, it marks the day from which fruit tithes are counted each year, and marks the timepoint from which the Biblical prohibition on eating the first three years of fruit and the requirement to bring the fourth year fruit to the Temple in Jerusalem were counted. In modern times, it is celebrated by eating various fruits and nuts associated with the Land of Israel. During the 1600s, Rabbi Yitzchak Luria of Safed and his disciples created a short seder, called Hemdat haamim, reminiscent of the seder that Jews observe on Passover, that explores the holiday’s Kabbalistic themes.

Traditionally, trees are planted on this day. Many children collect funds leading up to this day to plant trees in Israel. Trees are usually planted locally as well.

Purim Festival of Lots

Main article: Purim

Erev Purim and Fast of Esther known as “Ta’anit Ester” 13 Adar

Purim () 14 Adar

Shushan Purim 15 Adar

In leap years on the Hebrew calendar, Purim is observed in the Second Adar (Adar Sheni).

Purim commemorates the events that took place in the Book of Esther. It is celebrated by reading or acting out the story of Esther, and by making disparaging noises at every mention of Haman’s name. In Purim it is a tradition to masquerade around in costumes and to give Mishloakh Manot (care packages, i.e. gifts of food and drink) to the poor and the needy. In Israel it is also a tradition to arrange festive parades, known as Ad-D’lo-Yada, in the town’s main street. Sometimes the children dress up and act out the story of Esther for their parents.

New Year for Kings

New Year for Kings 1 Nisan.

Although Rosh Hashanah marks the change of the Jewish calendar year, Nisan is considered the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The Mishnah indicates that the year of the reign of Jewish kings was counted from Nisan in Biblical times. Nisan is also considered the beginning of the calendar year in terms of the order of the holidays.

In addition to this New Year, the Mishnah sets up three other legal New Years:

1st of Elul, New Year for animal tithes,

1st of Tishrei (Rosh Hashanah), the New Year for the calendar year and for vegetable tithes

15th of Shevat (Tu B’Shevat), the New Year for Trees/fruit tithes

Pesach Passover

Main article: Passover

Erev Pesach and Fast of the Firstborn known as “Ta’anit Bechorim” 14 Nisan

]]>

Passover (Hebrew: Pesach, ) (first two days) 15 and 16 Nisan

The “Last days of Passover”, known as Acharon shel Pesach, are also a holiday commemorating K’riat Yam Suf, the Passage of the Red Sea. 21 and 22 Nisan

The semi-holiday days between the “first days” and the “last days” of Passover are known as Chol Hamo’ed, referred to as the “Intermediate days”.

Passover commemorates the liberation of the Israelite slaves from Egypt. No leavened food is eaten during the week of Pesach, in commemoration of the fact that the Jews left Egypt so quickly that their bread did not have enough time to rise.

The first seder begins at sundown on the 15th of Nisan, and the second seder is held on the night of the 16th of Nisan. On the second night, Jews start counting the omer. The counting of the omer is a count of the days from the time they left Egypt until the time they arrived at Mount Sinai.

Sefirah Counting of the Omer

Main article: Counting of the Omer

Sefirah ( , Sefirat Ha’Omer) Counting the Omer

Sefirah is the 49 day (“seven weeks”) period between Pesach and Shavuot; it is defined by the Torah as the period during which special offerings are to be brought to the Temple in Jerusalem. Judaism teaches that this makes physical the spiritual connection between Pesach and Shavuot.

Lag Ba’omer

Main article: Lag Ba’omer

Lag Ba’omer (” ) is the 33rd day in the Omer count (” is the number 33 in Hebrew). The mourning restrictions on joyous activities during the Omer period are lifted on Lag Ba’Omer and there are often celebrations with picnics, bonfires and bow and arrow play by children. In Israel, youth can be seen gathering materials for bonfires.

Shavuot Feast of Weeks Yom HaBikurim

Main article: Shavuot

Erev Shavuot 5 Sivan

Shavuot () 6, 7 Sivan

Shavuot, The Feast of Weeks is one of the three pilgrim festivals (Shalosh regalim) ordained in the Torah, Shavuot marks the end of the counting of the Omer, the period between Passover and Shavuot. According to Rabbinic tradition, the Ten Commandments were given on this day. During this holiday the Torah portion containing the Ten Commandments is read in the synagogue, and the biblical Book of Ruth is read as well. It is traditional to eat dairy meals during Shavuot.

Seventeenth of Tammuz

Main article: Seventeenth of Tammuz

The 17th of Tammuz traditionally marks the first breach in the walls of the Second Temple during the Roman occupation.

As a minor fast day, fasting from dawn to dusk is required, but other laws of mourning are not observed. A Torah reading and Haftorah reading, and a special prayer in the Amidah, are added at both Shacharit and Mincha services.

The Three Weeks and the Nine Days

Main article: The Three Weeks

The Three Weeks: Seventeenth of Tammuz, 17 Tammuz 9 Av (Tisha B’Av)

The Nine Days: 19 Av

(See also Tenth of Tevet)

The days between the 17th of Tammuz and the 9th of Av are days of mourning, on account of the collapse of Jerusalem during the Roman occupation which occurred during this time framework. Weddings and other joyful occasions are traditionally not held during this period. A further element is added within the three weeks, during the nine days between the 1st and 9th day of Av the pious refrain from eating meat and drinking wine, except on Shabbat or at a Seudat Mitzvah (a Mitzvah meal, such as a Pidyon Haben the recognition of a firstborn male child or the study completion of a religious text.) In addition, one’s hair is not cut during this period.

In Conservative Judaism, the Rabbinical Assembly’s Committee on Jewish Law and Standards has issued several responsa (legal rulings) which hold that the prohibitions against weddings in this timeframe are deeply held traditions, but should not be construed as binding law. Thus, Conservative Jewish practice would allow weddings during this time, except on the 9th of Av itself. Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism hold that halakha (Jewish law) is no longer binding, and rabbis in those movements follow their individual consciences on such matters; some uphold the traditional prohibitions and some permit weddings on these days. Orthodox Judaism maintains the traditional prohibitions.

Tisha B’av Ninth of Av

Main article: Tisha B’Av

Tisha B’Av ( ) 9 Av

Tisha B’Av is a fast day that commemorates two of the saddest[citation needed] events in Jewish history that both occurred on the ninth of Av the destruction in 586 BCE of the First Temple, originally built by King Solomon, and destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Other calamities throughout Jewish history are said to have taken place on Tisha B’Av, including King Edward I’s edict compelling the Jews to leave England (1290) and the Jewish expulsion from Spain in 1492.

Tithe of animals

New Year for Animal Tithes (Taxes) 1 Elul

This commemoration is no longer observed. This day was set up by the Mishna as the New Year for animal tithes, which is somewhat equivalent to a new year for taxes. (This notion is similar to the tax deadline in the United States of America on April 15.)

Rosh Chodesh the New Month

Main article: Rosh Chodesh

The first day of each month and the thirtieth day of the preceding month, if it has thirty days, is (in modern times) a minor holiday known as Rosh Chodesh (head of the month). The one exception is the month of Tishrei, whose beginning is a major holiday, Rosh Hashanah. There are also special prayers said upon observing the new Moon for the first time each month.

Shabbat The Sabbath
Main article: Shabbat

Jewish law accords Shabbat the status of a holiday, a day of rest celebrated on the seventh day of each week. Jewish law defines a day as ending at nightfall, which is when the next day then begins. Thus, Shabbat begins at sundown Friday night, and ends at nightfall Saturday night.

In many ways halakha (Jewish law) gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the Jewish calendar.

It is the first holiday mentioned in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and God was the first one to observe it.

The liturgy treats Shabbat as a bride and queen.

The Torah reading on Shabbat has more sections of parshiot (Torah readings) than on Yom Kippur, the most of any Jewish holiday.

There is a tradition that the Messiah will come if every Jew observes Shabbat perfectly twice in a row.

Acharei hachagim “after the holidays”

Acharei hachagim (modern Hebrew: ) Literally: after the holidays. Used in modern Hebrew vernacular to suggest a delay. Many tasks get postponed until acharei hachagim, regardless of the proximity of the coming holiday. Acharei hachagim is considered a legitimate target date for the task in question.

Variances in observances

The denominations of Reconstructionist Judaism and Reform Judaism generally regard Jewish laws (halakha) relating to all these holidays as important, but no longer binding. Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism hold that the halakha relating to these days are still normative (i.e. to be accepted as binding).

There are a number of differences in religious practices between Orthodox and Conservative Jews, because these denominations have distinct ways of understanding the process of how halakha has historically developed, and thus how it can still develop. Nonetheless, both of these groups have similar teachings about how to observe these holidays.

Reform Jews do not observe the 2nd day of Jewish holidays in the Diaspora.

New Israeli/Jewish national holidays

Since the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel has established four new Jewish holidays.

Yom Yerushalayim Jerusalem day

Yom HaShoah Holocaust Remembrance day

Yom Hazikaron Memorial Day

Yom Ha’atzmaut Israel Independence Day

These four days are national holidays in the State of Israel, and in general have been accepted as religious holidays by the following groups: The Union of Orthodox Congregations and Rabbinical Council of America; The United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth (United Kingdom); The Chief Rabbinate of the State of Israel; All of Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism; The Union for Traditional Judaism and the Reconstructionist movement.

These four new days are not accepted as religious holidays by Haredi Judaism, which includes Hasidic Judaism. These groups view these new days as secular innovations, and they do not celebrate these holidays.

Yom HaShoah Holocaust Remembrance day

Main article: Yom HaShoah

Yom HaShoah ( ) 27 Nisan

Yom HaShoah is also known as Holocaust Remembrance Day, and takes place on the 27th day of Nisan. If this date falls on a Friday, the observance is moved to the previous Thursday. If it falls on a Sunday, observance is moved to the following Monday.

Yom Hazikaron Memorial Day

Main article: Yom Hazikaron

Yom Hazikaron ( ) 4 Iyar

Yom Hazikaron is the day of remembrance in honor of Israeli veterans and fallen soldiers of the Wars of Israel. The Memorial Day also commemorates fallen civilians, slain by acts of hostile terrorism.
Yom Ha’atzmaut Israel Independence Day

Main article: Yom Ha’atzmaut

Yom Ha’atzmaut ( ) 5 Iyar

Yom Ha’atzmaut is Israel’s Independence Day. An official ceremony is held annually on the eve of Yom Ha’atzmaut at Mount Herzl. The ceremony includes speeches by senior Israeli officials, an artistic presentation, a ritual march of flag-carrying soldiers forming elaborate structures (such as a Menorah, a Magen David and the number which represents the age of the State of Israel) and the lighting of twelve beacons (one for each of the Tribes of Israel). Dozens of Israeli citizens, who contributed significantly to the state, are selected to light these beacons.

Yom Yerushalaim – Jerusalem Day

Main article: Yom Yerushalayim

Yom Yerushalayim ( ) 28 Iyar

Jerusalem Day marks the 1967 reunification of Jerusalem and The Temple Mount under Jewish rule during the Six-Day War almost 1900 years after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.

See also

Holidays portal

Jewish holidays 2000-2050

Public holidays in Israel

Ta’anit

Religious festival

Torah readings of Yom Tov

Hebrew calendar

Rosh Hashanah

Notes

^ “Yom Tov” is also a Jewish given name.

^ Jewish Holidays, Union for Reform Judaism, accessed October 2, 2008

^ Nachum Mohl. “The Fifteenth Av of Yom Kippur”. http://www.jewishmag.co.il/136mag/tu_bav_yom_kippur/tu_bav_yom_kippur.htm. 

References

Greenberg, Irving. The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays. New York: Touchstone, 1988.

Renberg, Dalia H. The Complete Family Guide to Jewish Holidays. New York: Adama, 1985.

Strassfeld, Michael. The Jewish Holidays: A Guide and Commentary. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

External links

Hebcal Interactive Jewish calendar with candelighting times and Torah readings.

A more detailed list of Jewish holidays

A calculator that figures out the dates of Jewish holidays in any year

Patheos – Jewish Holidays: A Primer

v  d  e

Jewish holidays

Jewish holidays

Shabbat  Rosh Chodesh  Rosh Hashanah  Fast of Gedalia  Yom Kippur  Sukkot and Hoshana Rabbah  Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah  Isru chag  Hanukkah  Tenth of Tevet  Tu Bishvat  Fast of Esther and Purim  Purim Katan  Fast of the Firstborn and Passover  Pesach Sheni  Lag BaOmer  Shavuot  17th of Tammuz  The Three Weeks  The Nine Days  Tisha B’Av  Tu B’Av

Modern holidays

Yom HaShoah  Yom Hazikaron  Yom Ha’atzmaut  Yom Yerushalayim

Ethnic holidays

Mimouna  Sigd

Hebrew calendar months

Tishrei  Cheshvan  Kislev  Tevet  Shevat  Adar  Nisan  Iyar  Sivan  Tammuz  Av  Elul

Jewish holidays 20002050

v  d  e

Jewish life

Birth/Infancy

Shalom Zachar  Brit milah  Zeved habat  Hebrew name  Pidyon haben

Coming of age

Age of Majority  Upsherin  Wimpel  Bar and Bat Mitzvah  Yeshiva  Kollel

Daily life

Ritual washing  Prayers and blessings  Prayer services  Grace after Meals  Honorifics

Marriage

Marriageable age  Jewish wedding  Bashert  Matchmaking  Role of women  Niddah  Mikvah  Tzniut  Divorce

Religious practice

613 commandments  Customs  Torah study (Weekly portion  Daf Yomi)  Holidays  Tzedakah

Religious items

Sefer Torah  Tzitzit  Tallit  Tefillin  Mezuzah  Kippah  Menorah  Shofar  Four Species

Death

Chevra Kadisha  Shiva  Kaddish  Tehillim  Yahrzeit  Yahrzeit candle  Yizkor  Honorifics

Other

Significance of numbers of Judaism

v  d  e

Jews and Judaism

Denominations

Schisms  Intra-Jewish relations  Orthodox (Hardal  Haredi  Hasidic  Modern Orthodox)  Conservative (Conservadox)  Reform  Reconstructionist  Jewish Renewal  Rabbinic  Karaite  Samaritan  Humanistic

Philosophy

Principles of faith  Chosen people  Eschatology  Ethics  Halakha  Holocaust theology  Kabbalah  Kashrut  Messianism  Minyan  Mussar Movement  Names of God  Seven Laws of Noah  Tzedakah  Tzniut

Religious texts

Tanakh (Torah  Nevi’im  Ketuvim)  Arba’ah Turim  Chumash  Kuzari  Midrash  Mishnah Berurah  Mishneh Torah  Piyyut  Rabbinic works  Shulchan Aruch  Siddur  Talmud  Tosefta  Zohar

Jewish leadership

Abraham  Isaac  Jacob  Sarah  Rebecca  Rachel  Leah  Moses  Deborah  Ruth  David  Solomon  Elijah  Hillel  Shammai  Judah haNasi  Saadia Gaon  Rashi  Isaac Alfasi  Abraham ibn Ezra  Tosafists  Rambam  Nahmanides  Asher ben Jehiel  Gersonides  Joseph Albo  Yosef Karo  Baal Shem Tov  Shneur Zalman of Liadi  Vilna Gaon  Leopold Zunz  Israel Jacobson  Abraham Geiger  Ben Ish Chai  Avrohom Mordechai Alter  Ovadia Yosef  Moshe Feinstein  Elazar Shach  Menachem Schneerson

Life and culture

Who is a Jew?  Bar and Bat Mitzvah  Bereavement  Brit milah  Etymology of the word Jew  Marriage  Wedding  Niddah  Pidyon haben  Jewish cuisine  Secular Jewish culture  Hiloni  Shidduch  Zeved habat

Roles and places

Four Holy Cities (Jerusalem  Safed  Hebron  Tiberias)  Beth din  Gabbai  Hazzan  Kohen  Maggid  Mashgiach  Mikvah  Mohel  Rabbi  Rebbe  Rosh yeshiva  Synagogue  Temple  Tabernacle  Western Wall

Religious articles

Aleinu  Amidah  Four Species  Gartel  Hallel  Havdalah  Kaddish  Kittel  Kol Nidre  Ma Tovu  Menorah (Hanukiah)  Mezuzah  Prayer  Sefer Torah  Services  Shema Yisrael  Shofar  Tallit  Tefillin  Tzitzit  Yad  Kippah/Yarmulke

Interactions with

other religions

Jewish views of religious pluralism  Abrahamic religions  Christianity (Catholicism  Christian-Jewish reconciliation  Judeo-Christian  Mormonism   Messianic Judaism)  Islam  Jewish Buddhist  Judeo-Paganism  Black Hebrew Israelites  Kabbalah Centre   Others

Languages

Hebrew  Judeo-Arabic  Judeo-Aramaic  Judeo-Persian  Ladino  Yiddish

History

Ancient  Temple in Jerusalem  Babylonian captivity  Jerusalem (Significance  Timeline)  Hasmonean  Herod  Sanhedrin  Pharisees  Saducees  Essenes  First Jewish-Roman War  Bar Kokhba revolt  Diaspora  Middle Ages  Muslim rule  Sabbateans  Haskalah  Emancipation  The Holocaust  Aliyah  Israel (History)  Arab-Israeli / Israeli-Palestinian conflicts  Land of Israel  Baal teshuva movement  Judaism by country

Politics

Zionism (General  Labor  Religious  Revisionist)  Political movements (Jewish left  Jewish right  Jewish anarchism)  Bundism  World Agudath Israel  Feminism  Politics of Israel

Antisemitism

History  Persecution  New  Racial  Religious  Secondary

v  d  e

Time in religion and mythology

Major subjects

Time Cosmology  Religion  Mythology Eternity  Arguments for eternity  Immortality

Ritual  Religious festival  New moon Destiny and fate  Predestination  Prophecy  Oracle  Divination  Eschatology  Millennialism

Time Portal

Time and fate deities

of antiquity

Egyptian Hemsut  Huh

Ancient Near East Ashima  Ishtar  Mamitu  Mammetun  Manah  Manu the Great  Meni

Greek The Fates: Moirae Atropos  Clotho  Lachesis

Ananke  Geras  Horae  Kairos  Khronos  Tyche

Roman The Fates: Parcae Decima  Morta  Nona

Camenae: Antevorte/Porrima  Carmenta  Egeria  Postverta

Aeternitas  Anna Perenna  Caerus  Chronos  Fortuna  Vertumnus

Etruscan Nortia  Tinia

Norse Norns (Urr  Verandi  Skuld)

Day: (Dagr  Skinfaxi)  Night: (Ntt  Hrmfaxi)  Seasons: (Sumarr and Vetr)  Old age: Elli

Baltic Dalia  Laima  Lauma

Polish Sudz

Romanian Fates: Ursitoare

Other European Matres and Matrones  Father Time  Beten

Philippine Kan-Laon

Hinduism

Kalpa  Manvantara  Yuga  Kla (time)  Hindu calendar  Hindu units of measurement   Kali

Buddhism

Wheel of time  Kalachakra  Maitreya  Uposatha

Judaism

Ancient of Days  Ein Sof  Hebrew calendar  Missing years  Jewish holidays  Passover  Shabbat  Shabbaton  Shmita

Christianity

Byzantine calendar  Gregorian calendar  Liturgical year  Sabbath in Christianity  Sabbath in seventh-day churches  Easter  Computus  Moveable feast  Easter controversy  Quartodecimanism  Reform of the date of Easter  Day of the Vow

Islam

Islamic calendar  Jumu’ah  Muslim holidays  Predestination in Islam

Other traditions

Babylonian calendar  Pentecontad calendar  Dreamtime / The Dreaming  Oracle bone  Maya calendar

Related topics

Week-day names

Categories: Jewish holy days | Jewish law and rituals | Jewish observancesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from April 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Articles containing Yiddish language text | Articles containing Hebrew language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009

This is a very true statement for most visitors going to Munich, Germany for Oktoberfest. Here is a very realistic estimate of what you (assuming you’re American) might spend traveling to and from, and staying in Munich during a 5 day trip to Oktoberfest.Grab A Copy Click here

Do you want to spend 00 to go drink beer? No, of course you don’t! But you still want to experience the world’s largest party at Oktoberfest, right?

That’s why I put together the Oktoberfest Budget Travel Guide. I want you to go to Oktoberfest, but not blow through your life savings. I want to specifically to teach you the veteran secrets on how to save hundreds or potentially THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS on your visit to Oktoberfest.

I will teach you the money-saving secrets only the Oktoberfest veterans know. I will teach you how to:

*Fly to Europe for 0
*Stay in Munich for as little as / night
*(hint: hostels are probably booked already)
*Get free internet access while in Munich
*Get an Oktoberfest Mug for instead of
*Save hundreds of dollars on Oktoberfest costumes

]]>

*And many more money-saving tips!

Not only will I teach you how to save thousands of dollars at Oktoberfest, but I will share with you all the veteran tips & tricks you need to know about Oktoberfest, including:Grab A Copy Click here

*Suggested itinerary to get the most out of Oktoberfest and, most importantly, remember what happened
*The only German phrases you need to know to survive Oktoberfest
*How to avoid being kicked out of your seat (this is very important information for first-timers)
*Important travel information you NEED to know for insurance, drivers licenses, & passports
*All you need to know about Oktoberfest including the recommended tents, drinking hours, and the best rides
*The history of beer, Oktoberfest, & Munich – so you can look educated
*Lyrics to the most popular Oktoberfest drinking songs so you don’t look like a disrespectful jerk
*Recommended tours in and around Munich
*Maps of the fairgrounds, city, and transportation system
*And much more…

Here are the subjects covered in the guide:

*Quick Reference Guide, Checklist, & Oktoberfest Fast Facts
*Suggested Trip Itineraries, Getting There, Getting Around Europe, Staying There, & Travel suggestions
*Packing List & Typical Weather
*Stuff You Need to Know: Business Hours, Oktoberfest Hours, Tipping Protocol, Food & Drink, Discounts, Internet Access, Things You Can’t Bring to Oktoberfest, Important Travel Stuff
*Oktoberfest Strategies: Tents & Tables, Drinking & Recovery, Costumes, Rides
*Costs: Souveneirs, Transportation, Food & Beverage, At Oktoberfest
*What It’s Like
* History: Munich, Oktoberfest, Beer, Culture
* Sights In & Around Munich
* Language
*Drinking Songs
* Maps

So don’t spend your wad on Oktoberfest and live to regret it. Let me teach you how to save hundreds or thousands of dollars AND get the most out of your once-in-a-lifetime Oktoberfest experience!

Grab A Copy Click here

Article by Jessica Thomson

Many people plan for their weekend trip in advance and prepare a budget for the trip. This is because most of them want to spend the time in such a place where they can not only enjoy the time full of fun and excitement, but also take back good memories to cherish. One place in this world offers you all the excitement with all the latest amusement features and activities. Pleasure Beach in Blackpool weekend is the place, which is an amusement park and resort, and it is considered as one of the best amusement parks created on this earth. which is known as Pepsi Max Big One. There is a suspended looping coaster named as Infusion and this is the first constructed roller coaster that is built entirely over water. It is also enriched with the fully inverting roller coaster, which is also Europe?s first and has the name Im Bru Revolution.pleasure beach Blackpool has become a popular destination for many people and the popularity can be seen with the enormous gathering in the park inside.

The place is located along the Fylde Coast, England. It is also the most visited parks of the world where 5.5 million visitors have enjoyed their time in one single year.Thompson family owns this and it is managed and directed by them. There is a 4-star hotel inside the park with the name Big Blue Hotel and thus you can avail the facilities for accommodation in the park itself. There are several rides and other attractions for the entire family and all comes under Nickelodeon Land, which was opened in the year 2010. The main attractions of this place are roller coaster, thrill rides, water rides and many other rides. The park has the UK?s tallest roller coaster,

which is known as Pepsi Max Big One. There is a suspended looping coaster named as Infusion and this is the first constructed roller coaster that is built entirely over water. It is also enriched with the fully inverting roller coaster, which is also Europe?s first and has the name Im Bru Revolution.pleasure beach Blackpool has become a popular destination for many people and the popularity can be seen with the enormous gathering in the park inside.

At present, the park has 40 exciting rides that include 12 roller coasters. One of the few amusement parks left operates the traditional wooden Wild Mouse coaster. The ride was constructed during the time of World War II. It is also the first park in the whole Europe that has introduced a complete inverting steel coaster. You will find many food stalls, restaurants and cafes. You can also step inside the Italian Job, the Italian themed cafeteria and enjoy the mouth-watering dishes. There is a club run by non-profit organization. The name of the club is Club Pleasure Beach. You can visit the place and refresh your body and mind. Many awards have rewarded the park and there is no doubt that it deserves all the rewards and recognition.

Who doesn’t like travelling, but when a student is assigned to write travel essays, they become confused on how to write a good piece of writing. Travel essays are something that should make a reader enjoy reading, it should interest the reader to the extent that he may imagine himself travelling. Therefore, we have decided to provide some travel essay examples for the students to write their best travel essays in no time.

Ideas for travel experience essay:

After reading the title, the first thing that comes into the mind is the travelling experience of the writer, but you can give it a new touch by writing travelling experience of a mocking bird while you can also write on backpackers travel. But if you will write on your travel experiences than it will give a totally different and unique touch to your travel essay as it will be involving your opinions about your journey.

]]>

Ideas for space travel essay:

Again, this topic sounds common, almost ninety percent of the students would write on the personalities who have travelled in space. So, you should go for something else, like; I can proof, nobody has ever put a foot on the moon or you can also opt for any movie, like; star wars trio.

Ideas for time travel essay:

Time travel has always been intriguing topic; you can use this idea for writing your travel essays. For example; Invention of time machine can destroy the world or you can go for a more traditional approach, like; Time has travelled too fast for America since the day of its discovery or you can also write on simple ” if time travelling becomes possible, where would I be going”, this approach will again give an original touch to your travel essays but make sure whatever travel esasy topic you are choosing, you are doing justice with it.

Ideas for Gulliver’s travel essay:

You can incorporate this idea in writing Gulliver’s travel essay, that is;” what are the causes that one is forced to leave his country”. You can provide the answer of the given question by quoting the context from Gulliver’s travel novel.

Around the world in 80 days:

A novel written by Jules Verne can be a great idea to write your travel essays on, for this you has to read the book, but if you hate reading then you can also watch the movie that was released in 2004, starring Jackie Chan which was totally based on this novel but it will be better if you go through the whole book because it will be in detail describing every aspect.

Hence, it will be much better if you go for the above mentioned ideas to write your travel essays because you don’t have to travel for composing such type of essays, you can also write on any of your travelling experiences as they will make you essay of travel unique, original and interesting. Whatever topic for travel essays you go for, make sure it is properly formatted and organized, otherwise it will destroy your impression on the reader.

Incoming search terms:

• travel essay (1)

The Royal Wedding re-opens debate about too many bank holidays at once

The fact that the Royal Wedding between Prince William and Catherine Middleton is on a Friday (26 April) and it is also a national holiday, has re-opened the debate about moving some of our public holidays – because this time of year is full of them.

One proposal is to scrap May Day and have a ‘new’ public holiday between the August bank holiday and Christmas.

October is being considered so as to mark the Battle of Trafalgar but other suggestions are coming forward, such as making St George’s Day a public holiday.

Who was this George  anyway…

Unfortunately St George’s Day is on 23 April, so this doesn’t really ease the ‘congestion’ and surveys have also shown that people don’t really have a clue about St George anyway.

According to MySpace, people liked the idea of a day off, but would prefer Stephen Fry to be the patron saint of England. Stephen Fry Day – I don’t think so.

]]>

Pick a holiday, any holiday

So who or what should we celebrate, should we have more religious days, should we have some war celebrations?

D-Day – 6 June might be ok, as perhaps would Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) – but this is again would be in the congestion period – 8 May.

‘English Civil War Day’ might be interesting. On the 3 September the Civil War ended at the Battle of Worcester. It could even keep the Royal’s on their toes but a celebration involving Oliver Cromwell won’t go down well with many.

Stop the world I want to get off…

Pleasing everybody would be nearly impossible, so can I suggest a ‘World Cease-fire Day’. A day when all wars or conflicts stop for 24 hours football matches are played between the ones who are doing all the fighting – perhaps Paul McCartney can organise it.

Or we could simply scrap five of the current public holidays, leaving just Christmas Day, Boxing Day and New Year’s Day and all enjoy five full weeks of holiday a year instead of four.

Sorted ….

If you’ve run out of cash a payday loan can see you through until payday.

Short term payday loans are easy to apply for and a same day loan cash transfer can put money in your bank fast.

The Jesuits took the trignometric tables and planetary models from the Kerala School of Astronomy and Maths and exported it to Europe starting around 1560 in connection with the European navigational problem, says Dr Raju. 

Dr C K Raju was a professor Mathematics and played a leading role in the C-DAC team which built Param: India’s first parallel supercomputer. His ten year research included archival work in Kerala and Rome and was published in a book called ” The Cultural Foundations of Mathematics”. He has been a Fellow of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study and is a Professor of Computer Applications. 

“When the Europeans received the Indian calculus, they couldn’t understand it properly because the Indian philosophy of mathematics is different from the Western philosophy of mathematics. It took them about 300 years to fully comprehend its working. The calculus was used by Newton to develop his laws of physics,” opines Dr Raju. 

The Infinitesimal Calculus: How and Why it Was Imported into Europe 

By Dr C.K. Raju 

It is well known that the “Taylor-series” expansion, that is at the heart of calculus, existed in India in widely distributed mathematics / astronomy / timekeeping (“jyotisa”) texts which preceded Newton and Leibniz by centuries. 

Why were these texts imported into Europe? These texts, and the accompanying precise sine values computed using the series expansions, were useful for the science that was at that time most critical to Europe: navigation. The ‘jyotisa’ texts were specifically needed by Europeans for the problem of determining the three “ells”: latitude, loxodrome, and longitude. 

How were these Indian texts imported into Europe? Jesuit records show that they sought out these texts as inputs to the Gregorian calendar reform. This reform was needed to solve the ‘latitude problem’ of European navigation. The Jesuits were equipped with the knowledge of local languages as well as mathematics and astronomy that were required to understand these Indian texts. 

The Jesuits also needed these texts to understand the local customs and how the dates of traditional festivals were fixed by Indians using the local calendar (“panchânga”). How the mathematics given in these Indian ancient texts subsequently diffused into Europe (e.g. through clearing houses like Mersenne and the works of Cavalieri, Fermat, Pascal, Wallis, Gregory, etc.) is yet another story. 

The calculus has played a key role in the development of the sciences, starting from the “Newtonian Revolution”. According to the “standard” story, the calculus was invented independently by Leibniz and Newton. This story of indigenous development, ab initio, is now beginning to totter, like the story of the “Copernican Revolution”. 

]]>

The English-speaking world has known for over one and a half centuries that “Taylor series” expansions for sine, cosine and arctangent functions were found in Indian mathematics / astronomy / timekeeping (‘jyotisa’) texts, and specifically in the works of Madhava, Neelkantha, Jyeshtadeva, etc. No one else, however, has so far studied the connection of these Indian developments to European mathematics. 

The connection is provided by the requirements of the European navigational problem, the foremost problem of the time in Europe. Columbus and Vasco da Gama used dead reckoning and were ignorant of celestial navigation. Navigation, however, was both strategically and economically the key to the prosperity of Europe of that time. 

Accordingly, various European governments acknowledged their ignorance of navigation while announcing huge rewards to anyone who developed an appropriate technique of navigation. These rewards spread over time from the appointment of Nunes as Professor of Mathematics in 1529, to the Spanish government’s prize of 1567 through its revised prize of 1598, the Dutch prize of 1636, Mazarin’s prize to Morin of 1645, the French offer (through Colbert) of 1666, and the British prize legislated in 1711. 

Many key scientists of the time (Huygens, Galileo, etc.) were involved in these efforts. The navigational problem was the specific objective of the French Royal Academy, and a key concern for starting the British Royal Society. 

Prior to the clock technology of the 18th century, attempts to solve the European navigational problem in the 16th and 17th centuries focused on mathematics and astronomy. These were (correctly) believed to hold the key to celestial navigation. It was widely (and correctly) held by navigational theorists and mathematicians (e.g. by Stevin and Mersenne) that this knowledge was to be found in the ancient mathematical, astronomical and time-keeping (jyotisa) texts of the East. 

Though the longitude problem has recently been highlighted, this was preceded by the latitude problem and the problem of loxodromes. The solution of the latitude problem required a reformed calendar. The European calendar was off by ten days. This led to large inaccuracies (more than 3 degrees) in calculating latitude from the measurement of solar altitude at noon using, for example, the method described in the Laghu Bhâskarîya of Bhaskara I. 

However, reforming the European calendar required a change in the dates of the equinoxes and hence a change in the date of Easter. This was authorised by the Council of Trent in 1545. This period saw the rise of the Jesuits. Clavius studied in Coimbra under the mathematician, astronomer and navigational theorist Pedro Nunes. Clavius subsequently reformed the Jesuit mathematical syllabus at the Collegio Romano. He also headed the committee which authored the Gregorian Calendar Reform of 1582 and remained in correspondence with his teacher Nunes during this period. 

Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci who trained in mathematics and astronomy under Clavius’ new syllabus were sent to India. In a 1581 letter, Ricci explicitly acknowledged that he was trying to understand the local methods of time-keeping (‘jyotisa’) from the Brahmins and Moors in the vicinity of Cochin. 

Cochin was then the key centre for mathematics and astronomy since the Vijaynagar Empire had sheltered it from the continuous onslaughts of Islamic raiders from the north. Language was not a problem for the Jesuits since they had established a substantial presence in India. They had a college in Cochin and had even established printing presses in local languages like Malayalam and Tamil by the 1570′s. 

In addition to the latitude problem (that was settled by the Gregorian Calendar Reform), there remained the question of loxodromes. These were the focus of efforts of navigational theorists like Nunes and Mercator. 

The problem of calculating loxodromes is exactly the problem of the fundamental theorem of calculus. Loxodromes were calculated using sine tables. Nunes, Stevin, Clavius, etc. were greatly concerned with accurate sine values for this purpose, and each of them published lengthy sine tables. Madhava’s sine tables, using the series expansion of the sine function, were then the most accurate way to calculate sine values. 

Madhava’s sine series 

sin x = x – x^3/3! + x^5/5! – x^7/7!+…… 

The Europeans encountered difficulties in using these precise sine values for determining longitude, as in the Indo-Arabic navigational techniques or in the Laghu Bhâskarîya. This is because this technique of longitude determination also required an accurate estimate of the size of the earth. Columbus had underestimated the size of the earth to facilitate funding for his project of sailing to the West. His incorrect estimate was corrected in Europe only towards the end of the 17th century CE. 

Even so, the Indo-Arabic navigational technique required calculations while the Europeans lacked the ability to calculate. This is because algorismus texts had only recently triumphed over abacus texts and the European tradition of mathematics was “spiritual” and “formal” rather than practical, as Clavius had acknowledged in the 16th century and as Swift (of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ fame) had satirized in the 17th century. This led to the development of the chronometer, an appliance that could be mechanically used without any application of the mind.   

Incoming search terms:

• indian astronomy (1)